Summary:
Even though the schools are suppose to separate but equal but in Topeka Kansas Linda Brown wanted to go to the white school because then she did not have to walk as far. She was backed by NAACP when her father went against the state when Brown was told she could not attend the white school because of her skin color. The NAACP argued that by separating schools it made black children think that they were inferior to whites and then the schools were not equal. The Board argued that the rest of life was segregated which would create mixed messages if the schools were integrated. Plessy v. Ferguson had said that things can stay separate but equal but the Supreme Court in the case of Brown v. Board of Educations rejected the prior case saying that separate was not equal and things need to be integrated. This did not abolish segregation in other areas of life.
Summary:
He began to say that the government does not want to leave the Greek government alone. The country was not rich and was completely destroyed when liberated from German control. They were let without funds and the government has asked for assistance before they are taken over by Communists. Since the United States does not want this they want to supply that assitance. No other nation has the kind of money the United States has and Britain who had been helpign them was running out. The United Nations were not in the position to help. No government is perfect and the Greek government had been running in chaos. Turkey also needs the United States attention. It is just as important as Greece and has asked for our help which Britian cannot give. It is important to perserve order in the Middle East. One problem is that we need to dicuss this with the United Nations and the poeple of these countries don't want anymore government involvement. We need to give them money or the alternative is much more detramental to the United States on the whole.
Summary:
He began by saying the the nation needed to be protected while they were in a war from spies as well as a general attack. Therefore he authorized the Secretary of War to do whatever was nessecary to create military areas and has the responisbility to make sure everyone is safe. He also said that they are allowed to do whatever is needed to include federal troops and agencies with the help of authority to accept agencies of local and state levels. They can also create deparments and agencies to help the order be carried out which should not be ignored.
Summary:
He began by presenting the members of the Senate and House and saying that the United States was at peace with Japan until Japan deliberately attacked the United States naval and air forces. An hour after Japan bombed America the ambassador delivered a reply to a message that was diplomatic and there was not hint of war. The distance of Hawaii made Japan's attack deliberate that was planned for days and possibly a week. The attack caused severe damage to American forces. They also attacked Hong Kong, Guam, the Philippines, Wake and Midway Island. Therefore Japan is looking for war. He stated that the commander and chief he has directed measures to be taken in order to defend the nation. It may take a while to get over this predicament and the hostilities exist. Finally, confident in our ability he asked to declare war on Japan following the deadly attack on Pearl Harbor.
Summary:
He begins by saying that this is the time to speak the truth and that the Nation will revive itself and eventually prosper. The nation faces a common difficulty that has caused a bad economy and high rates of unemployment. But there is hope, it is not the end of the world,and there is still so much to be thankful for. The lending of more money may not happen be the best and those who caused this problem have fled from their "high seats". Happiness is not just in the possession of money but also in personal achievement and satisfaction. We need to recognize that our material wealth is false when is comes to the standard of success. But it is the time where the nation needs to rise up hand in hand and help each other to overcome this. He will work with Congress to help the nation the best that he possibly can. Also, as far as foreign policy goes he will work towards the Good Neighbor Policy and he realizes that there is a need for interdependence on each other. This is his pledge to lead the country into a better future in every way possible.
Summary:
This pact was in order to discuss the war as an instrument of national policy. Many countries signed this stating that they would not go to war with each other again. If this worked then it would solidify the peace between the countries and make for a better world atmosphere. Also, the hope was that using this treaty as an example other countries would follow in their footsteps and also come up with their own treaties for peace. These countries do not want war and want to find a different way to solve conflicts that come between them. It will be the duty of each government to respect this treaty and keep their promise.
Summary:
We are the Central Empires spokesman and they wanted to discuss the objects of the war and wanting peace. Also, now that the war was over these compromises would ensure the most secure way to let the world live. It is reasonable to say that it will revolve around Germany and Austria. The entire war really should have never been fought but no one knows who's side they are on, especially the Russians. The Russian Representatives had been holding their own conferences which were kept private. Lloyd George had spoken with the people and government of Great Britain this week. Life and death hang upon the definition of who was on who's side. It called for multiple things such as free trade without restrictions, no private allies which would ensure this war would never happen again. Because it was never signed and the it was not enacted the second world war occured.
Summary:
During the Great War Schenck sent out letters to draftees trying to get them to believe that the draft was an ugly and cruel thing. Many argued this was against the Espionage Act because it was trying to create subordination in the military and obligation to recruitment. Others argued still that it was not against the law because if it was it would be against the free speech clause of the First Amendment. The ruling was unanimous towards the United States saying it depended on the circumstance. Holmes states that the letters presented clear danger because the mailing of these letters meant a possible uprising of military.
Summary:
This act worked to limit the amount of hours a child could work and stated that sale of good produced by children could not be sold in interstate sales. By 1900 the census showed that two million children were working in various horrible conditioned jobs. the National Child Labor Committee called attention to the issue in 1908 but hiring Lewis Hines to photograph some of these children. Marx and Dickens also worked to call attention to the poor conditions and treatment of children through their writings. The Keating-Owen bill of 1916 gave the government the right to regulate interstate commerce in order to regulate child labor. The law was signed by Wilson but the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. Another law was passed 3 years later to take an indirect route to child labor. But it did not pass either. Even though the nation wanted laws and change against child labor the Supreme Court made it very difficult. Finally the Child Labor Amendment was installed during the 1920s and eventually the Court reversed the case that made the Keating-Owen Act illegal.
Summary:
There has been a change in the White House and now it is in the hands of the Democrats. It means more than the success of the Democratic Party but also because the Nation was looking for change. He goes on to say that there is no doubt that the country is in a good place and that life is good. But with all good comes evil and there has been waste in the country. It is his job to lead in the change that will continue with the good and get rid of the evil. He reminds the audience that he has not forgotten morals, and he was to set up a policy that would help move the country along. We have not studied cost or economy as we should as organizers or individuals. The government is not yet perfect but he will work hard to make it as close to perfect as possible. We are to restore, not destroy and it is not a science, and the feelings the Nation is dealing with will be used for the better. It is not a day to triumph and day of dedication.
Summary:
It is now illegal for any person or company to trade if that trade has price differentiations between different purchasers of the same commodities which each individual needs. This would prevent certain businesses from gaining monopolies over that industry. Within in this one can not have a difference in selling, transportation which would help boost the competition within the industry. It is also unlawful to engage in commerce if there by the use of selling any merchandise at a rate which blows up other competitors to lessen competition. Finally companies my not combine if it is going to create a monopoly. This applies to stocks and other capital.
Summary:
Martin Luther King Jr. delivered this speech in front of 200,000 civil rights activists on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. It was a part of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the speech has become so famous that is it one of the top speeches ever given. In his speech he did spoke of equality for both colored and whites and his personal dream. His dream was to see white boys and girls and black boys and girls play together and go to the same school and not have to worry about the color of their skin. The speech impacted thousands as it was presented in a way that seemed like a preacher in a church.
Summary:
This act was directed towards natives and owning land. It discusses the allotment of land for natives and reservations and they laws that they are protected by for the United States and the territory.These acts were used to protect Indians with what they are owed by the government. According to this act the government was responsible for giving natives land to live and farm and possibly more land for grazing. The natives had 4 years to make a decision about where they wanted their land and if they do not it would be given to them. The land given to them was for 25 years unless the President changes the amount of time. The only problem with this land is even though the government tried its best the land was not of the quality that whites and "citizens" had.
Summary:
Bryan starts his speech speaking of his cause to defend liberty and how the race has been a contest of principle. He then goes on to speak about how the country has never seen such a tight race and the democratic strength of the government. Because of this race affection between each other have been taken away because of where they stand on the issue. He states they do come there as individuals but as a whole who is looking for the best for the common people and looking out for their rights such as the miners and merchants. They also speak for the business men who have paved the way by so many different means. They warned not fighting to win but to keep a hold of the rights of the people. The other side says the party did many poor things including passing a unconstitutional law while this was not correct. The income tax law is a law that provides the people with the burden to give them incentive. This does not mean that they oppose national currency, just currency that is reliable. He states Jefferson did the same thing in his day and we should look up to him. These laws are logical if the business man could realize how simple and the point of them was. The country is changing even with tariffs and the change should be noted so the people can changed right along with it. The change happened because of the wrath on the common man. The party should win because of the tariff issue which the opposing party has no ground to stand on. The party is prepared to meet any battle the opposing party throws at them. they think that the gold standard is a poor way to go and that will be the tipping point which allows them to gain the ground to win.
Summary:
The platform begins with the preamble which states the party was started because of the conditions of the nation at that time. Specifically they were referring to the difference in class between " tramps and millionaires". It then goes on to discuss how silver has been the accepting coin even though it is in reality a conspiracy and will destroy civilization. Concluding it states that because of these things parties have not really had a stable platform while the Populist Party seeks support from the common man. The country is faced with horrible conditions and the party pledges that it will give the power a the people a better standing and expand it and that they will never stop. In the platform itself it begins with the thought that labor forces will remain, and wealth belongs to the person who worked for it. It continues to that the government should own the railroads and as far as finance is concerned it needs to be free coinage of silver to gold at legal ratio. To continue it states the circulation should increase and there should be income tax. Finally the money of the country should be kept in the people's hands and the savings banks should be established. Then they state that transportation should be a means of exchange and keep its interest in the people and the telephone and telegraph which is owned by the government should be operated in the interest of the people. As far as land is concerned all natural sources of well should not be monopolized and the government should collect alien land to give to actual settlers. Finally it continues into the Sentiments in which it states that they demand free ballot, fair count without intervention. Also, income tax should be used to reduce other taxes. They pledge support to ex-Union soldiers and sailors. Do not approve of protection American labor under present system. They sympathize with work men and regard maintenance of a large army. Finally they commend favorable consideration of people and saving the Constitution while opposing any subsidy or national aid to one corporation.
Summary:
It begins by talking about the Cuban revolts and how the people of Cuba did not want Spanish rulers anymore. It then on to say how Spain sent a message to Washington warning them about an American ultimatum. Then McKinley asked Congress to take steps to bring an end to Cuban conflict. He made the decision to enter a war on the side of the Cubans. He started to say that the Constitution commands the President to exercise what should be responsible for wars like his for Cuba. The revolution is similar to others but United States did everything they could to help the Cubans to no avail. The war in Cuba ultimately depends on the United States to help. He refers to his December speech stating that we should recognize the independence of Cuba. In order to continue to do this then it was essential that they help influence the affected area. Now he understands the neutrality proclamation but there are very few alternative forms of interventions. The forcible entrance of United States will eventually end the war in a settlement. He states in order to do this then there will need to be an end of bloodshed, the United States owes citizens in Cuba and they need legal protection. Also the right to intervene may justify the injury in trade it would cause and finally the issues with Cuba threaten the United States which needs to end. This elements cause the destruction of a Nobel vessel. The naval court of inquiry needs to place the responsibility and it needs to be fixed along with the American Navy. This trail has proved that Spain has waged war that United States will fix by being on the Cuban side. Because of this he asked Congress to authorize the declaration of war in the interest of humanity. He had thought about it and now its all up to Congress.
